For a species that cooperates and for which cooperation is essential to survival the population multiplier might have the following properties.

• If the population were very low then the population multiplier would be below 1. For example, the population multiplier might be 0.90 if the population were below 200.

• Then the population multiplier would rise as the population rose. For example, the population multiplier might rise to 1.10 as the population rose from 200 to 300.

• The population multiplier would remain steady as long as the population wasn't too high. For example, the population multiplier might remain at 1.10 as long as the population was between 300 and 700.

• Then the population multiplier would drop as the population continued to rise and overcrowding made it difficult to find enough food, water, and shelter.