(*********************************************************************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used on any computer system with Mathematica 3.0, MathReader 3.0, or any compatible application. The data for the notebook starts with the line of stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). 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For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 7336, 190]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 33708, 1147]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 33664, 1143]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox[ " Lighting and Three Dimensional \ Graphics", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\n\nThis notebook will enable you to reproduce pictures like the ones \ drawn by the Java applets you've already looked at. The Java applets work \ with a sphere but later you will be able to use ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " and a little more mathematics to work with other surfaces -- for \ example, saddles and cones.\n\nThe cell below is the most important cell in \ this notebook. This is the cell that you will change to work with specular \ shading rather than Lambertian shading and to work with three different \ colored light sources rather than one white light source.. This cell is a \ function that defines the shading of one point \n\n \ ", StyleBox["P = (x, y)", FontWeight->"Bold"], " \n \n on the sphere when the light is coming from the direction\n \n \ ", StyleBox["V = (vx, vy, vz)", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\n \n The vector ", StyleBox["V", FontWeight->"Bold"], " must be a unit vector and the vector ", StyleBox["P", FontWeight->"Bold"], " must have length less than or equal to 1.\n \nBefore going on, look at \ this cell and understand what it is doing mathematically -- that is, how the \ shading is determined mathematically. Recall that colors are specified using \ ", StyleBox["RGBColor", FontWeight->"Bold"], " by three real numbers between zero and one that specify the intensity of \ red, green, and blue. For a monochromatic image all three numbers will be \ equal -- (0, 0, 0) represents black and (1, 1, 1) represents white.\n \n ", StyleBox[ "Now after you understand the mathematics in this cell evaluate it.", FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " " }], "Special1", Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True], Cell[BoxData[ \(ColorAt[x_, y_] := Block[{z, dotprod, intensity}, \ \ \n\t\t\ \ \ \ \ \ z := \@\(1 - x\ x - y\ y\); intensity := N[x\ vx + y\ vy + z\ vz]; \n \t\t\ \ \ \ \ RGBColor[intensity, intensity, intensity]]\)], "Input", AspectRatioFixed->True, Background->GrayLevel[0.666667]], Cell[TextData[{ "The next cell draws the sphere with Lambertian shading. There are several \ parameters that you can change.\n\n", StyleBox["vx and vy", FontWeight->"Bold"], " -- the two parameters that define the ", StyleBox["x", FontWeight->"Bold"], " and ", StyleBox["y", FontWeight->"Bold"], " coordinates of the direction from which the light is coming. The cell \ computes the ", StyleBox["z", FontWeight->"Bold"], " coordinate ", StyleBox["vz", FontWeight->"Bold"], " using the fact that the vector ", StyleBox["V", FontWeight->"Bold"], " must be a unit vector.\n\n", StyleBox["n", FontWeight->"Bold"], " -- the number of rows and columns in the image of the sphere. When ", StyleBox["n", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is fairly big (25 in the original cell) the quality of the image is \ fairly good but the cell can take a long time to evaluate. When you are \ experimenting with changes you may want to set ", StyleBox["n", FontWeight->"Bold"], " to a smaller number -- perhaps 10 -- in the interests of speed. Then \ when you are want to look at a higher quality image you can set it back to \ 25. For an even higher quality image or if your computer is very fast you \ might try setting ", StyleBox["n", FontWeight->"Bold"], " to 50. 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Move the single light source in the cell above \ around so that it illuminates the sphere from different directions.\n\n2. \ Add some diffuse lighting so that every point on the sphere is shaded with a \ light gray in addition to the lighting from the bare bulbs above. ", StyleBox["Warning: The light level can't be above 1 for each color.", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\n\n3. Try Lambertian reflection with three different light sources.\n\n\ 4. Try specular reflection with a single light source.\n\n5. Try specular \ reflection with three different light sources.\n\n6. Add some diffuse \ lighting so that every point on the sphere is shaded with a light gray in \ addition to the lighting from the bare bulbs above." }], "Special1", Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True, Background->GrayLevel[0.666667]] }, FrontEndVersion->"Macintosh 3.0", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 1024}, {0, 748}}, WindowToolbars->{}, CellGrouping->Automatic, WindowSize->{520, 653}, WindowMargins->{{12, Automatic}, {Automatic, 16}}, PrivateNotebookOptions->{"ColorPalette"->{RGBColor, 128}}, ShowCellLabel->True, ShowCellTags->False, RenderingOptions->{"ObjectDithering"->True, "RasterDithering"->False}, CharacterEncoding->"MacintoshAutomaticEncoding", StyleDefinitions -> Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Style Definitions", "Subtitle"], Cell["\<\ Modify the definitions below to change the default appearance of \ all cells in a given style. 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The \"Hyperlink\" style is for links within the same Notebook, \ or between Notebooks.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`NotebookLocate[ #2]}]&), Active->True, ButtonNote->ButtonData}], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["Hyperlink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ The following styles are for linking automatically to the on-line \ help system.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "MainBook", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["MainBookLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "AddOns", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["AddOnsLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["AddOnLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontFamily->"Courier", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "RefGuideLink", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["RefGuideLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "GettingStarted", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["GettingStartedLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink"], StyleMenuListing->None, ButtonStyleMenuListing->Automatic, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], FontVariations->{"Underline"->True}, ButtonBoxOptions->{ButtonFunction:>(FrontEndExecute[ { FrontEnd`HelpBrowserLookup[ "OtherInformation", #]}]&), Active->True, ButtonFrame->"None"}], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["OtherInformationLink", "Printout"], FontColor->GrayLevel[0], FontVariations->{"Underline"->False}] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Placeholder Styles", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The cells below define styles useful for making placeholder \ objects in palette templates.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["Placeholder"], Editable->False, Selectable->False, StyleBoxAutoDelete->True, Placeholder->True, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["Placeholder", "Printout"]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder"], Editable->False, Selectable->False, StyleBoxAutoDelete->True, Placeholder->Primary, StyleMenuListing->None, DrawHighlighted->True], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Presentation"]], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Condensed"]], Cell[StyleData["SelectionPlaceholder", "Printout"]] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["FormatType Styles", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The cells below define styles that are mixed in with the styles \ of most cells. If a cell's FormatType matches the name of one of the styles \ defined below, then that style is applied between the cell's style and its \ own options.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["CellExpression"], PageWidth->Infinity, CellMargins->{{6, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, ShowCellLabel->False, ShowSpecialCharacters->False, AllowInlineCells->False, AutoItalicWords->{}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier", Background->GrayLevel[1]], Cell[StyleData["InputForm"], AllowInlineCells->False, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["OutputForm"], PageWidth->Infinity, TextAlignment->Left, LineSpacing->{1, -5}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["StandardForm"], LineSpacing->{1.25, 0}, StyleMenuListing->None, FontFamily->"Courier"], Cell[StyleData["TraditionalForm"], LineSpacing->{1.25, 0}, SingleLetterItalics->True, TraditionalFunctionNotation->True, DelimiterMatching->None, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell["\<\ The style defined below is mixed in to any cell that is in an \ inline cell within another.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["InlineCell"], TextAlignment->Left, ScriptLevel->1, StyleMenuListing->None], Cell[StyleData["InlineCellEditing"], StyleMenuListing->None, Background->RGBColor[1, 0.749996, 0.8]] }, Closed]] }, Open ]], Cell[StyleData["Special1"], CellMargins->{{7, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellGroupingRules->{"NormalGrouping", 79}, CellHorizontalScrolling->False, PageBreakWithin->Automatic, AspectRatioFixed->True, FontFamily->"Times", FontSize->12] }], MacintoshSystemPageSetup->"\<\ 00<0001804P000000]X2:?oQon82n@960dL5:0?l0080001804P000000]P2:001 0000I00000000`<300000BL?00400@00000000000000060801T1T000000@0000 00000000004000000000000000000000\>" ] (*********************************************************************** Cached data follows. If you edit this Notebook file directly, not using Mathematica, you must remove the line containing CacheID at the top of the file. The cache data will then be recreated when you save this file from within Mathematica. ***********************************************************************) (*CellTagsOutline CellTagsIndex->{} *) (*CellTagsIndex CellTagsIndex->{} *) (*NotebookFileOutline Notebook[{ Cell[1709, 49, 2021, 45, 379, "Special1"], Cell[3733, 96, 316, 6, 84, "Input"], Cell[4052, 104, 1507, 45, 196, "Special1"], Cell[5562, 151, 736, 18, 361, "Input"], Cell[6301, 171, 1031, 17, 278, "Special1"] } ] *) (*********************************************************************** End of Mathematica Notebook file. ***********************************************************************)