Looking for Periodicity
Sunspots

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The table below shows the average daily number of sunspots observed each year from 1749 to 1976.



                  The Average Daily Number of Sunspots

   Year Average  |   Year Average  |   Year Average  |   Year Average
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
   1749   80.93  |   1806   28.11  |   1863   44.02  |   1920   37.64  
   1750   83.39  |   1807   10.05  |   1864   46.95  |   1921   26.13  
   1751   47.66  |   1808    8.14  |   1865   30.48  |   1922   14.24  
   1752   47.80  |   1809    2.53  |   1866   16.29  |   1923    5.78  
   1753   30.69  |   1810    0.00  |   1867    7.26  |   1924   16.72  
   1754   12.22  |   1811    1.42  |   1868   37.29  |   1925   44.31  
   1755    9.57  |   1812    4.95  |   1869   73.90  |   1926   63.89  
   1756   10.19  |   1813   12.19  |   1870  139.11  |   1927   69.04  
   1757   32.43  |   1814   13.93  |   1871  111.20  |   1928   77.79  
   1758   47.60  |   1815   35.40  |   1872  101.67  |   1929   64.97  
   1759   53.97  |   1816   45.81  |   1873   66.29  |   1930   35.67  
   1760   62.86  |   1817   41.06  |   1874   44.65  |   1931   21.23  
   1761   85.85  |   1818   30.06  |   1875   17.07  |   1932   11.14  
   1762   61.15  |   1819   23.94  |   1876   11.32  |   1933    5.66  
   1763   45.12  |   1820   15.67  |   1877   12.28  |   1934    8.72  
   1764   36.35  |   1821    6.59  |   1878    3.37  |   1935   36.06  
   1765   20.91  |   1822    4.00  |   1879    5.96  |   1936   79.73  
   1766   11.41  |   1823    1.79  |   1880   32.27  |   1937  114.40  
   1767   37.83  |   1824    8.54  |   1881   54.25  |   1938  109.55  
   1768   69.84  |   1825   16.57  |   1882   59.65  |   1939   88.75  
   1769  106.09  |   1826   36.28  |   1883   63.70  |   1940   67.78  
   1770  100.80  |   1827   49.71  |   1884   63.45  |   1941   47.48  
   1771   81.58  |   1828   64.15  |   1885   52.16  |   1942   30.60  
   1772   66.49  |   1829   67.03  |   1886   25.37  |   1943   16.32  
   1773   34.78  |   1830   70.98  |   1887   13.05  |   1944    9.59  
   1774   30.62  |   1831   47.81  |   1888    6.75  |   1945   33.09  
   1775    7.01  |   1832   27.52  |   1889    6.27  |   1946   92.51  
   1776   19.82  |   1833    8.53  |   1890    7.05  |   1947  149.84  
   1777   92.50  |   1834   13.24  |   1891   35.62  |   1948  136.20  
   1778  154.37  |   1835   56.86  |   1892   72.97  |   1949  135.12  
   1779  125.93  |   1836  121.45  |   1893   84.93  |   1950   83.92  
   1780   84.80  |   1837  138.28  |   1894   78.01  |   1951   69.76  
   1781   68.09  |   1838  103.15  |   1895   63.97  |   1952   31.41  
   1782   38.46  |   1839   85.82  |   1896   41.78  |   1953   13.85  
   1783   22.80  |   1840   63.19  |   1897   26.24  |   1954    4.41  
   1784   10.17  |   1841   36.80  |   1898   26.72  |   1955   37.95  
   1785   24.10  |   1842   24.19  |   1899   12.11  |   1956  141.71  
   1786   82.87  |   1843   10.68  |   1900    9.46  |   1957  189.85  
   1787  132.03  |   1844   15.00  |   1901    2.74  |   1958  184.59  
   1788  130.91  |   1845   40.06  |   1902    5.02  |   1959  158.75  
   1789  118.11  |   1846   61.50  |   1903   24.38  |   1960  112.28  
   1790   89.89  |   1847   98.46  |   1904   41.95  |   1961   53.90  
   1791   66.58  |   1848  124.32  |   1905   63.47  |   1962   37.60  
   1792   60.04  |   1849   95.87  |   1906   53.86  |   1963   27.89  
   1793   46.90  |   1850   66.53  |   1907   62.03  |   1964   10.20  
   1794   41.00  |   1851   64.50  |   1908   48.54  |   1965   15.06  
   1795   21.27  |   1852   54.21  |   1909   43.88  |   1966   46.88  
   1796   16.02  |   1853   39.02  |   1910   18.58  |   1967   93.67  
   1797    6.39  |   1854   20.57  |   1911    5.70  |   1968  105.89  
   1798    4.07  |   1855    6.71  |   1912    3.59  |   1969  105.56  
   1799    6.76  |   1856    4.30  |   1913    1.44  |   1970  104.69  
   1800   14.48  |   1857   22.78  |   1914    9.59  |   1971   66.65  
   1801   34.00  |   1858   54.81  |   1915   47.37  |   1972   68.93  
   1802   45.03  |   1859   93.83  |   1916   57.07  |   1973   38.15  
   1803   43.05  |   1860   95.69  |   1917  103.89  |   1974   34.41  
   1804   47.47  |   1861   77.17  |   1918   80.58  |   1975   15.46  
   1805   42.24  |   1862   59.11  |   1919   63.61  |   1976   12.55  


The same data is given in your CAS window. Use your CAS window to draw a graph showing this data. The TI-92 screen shows this data as graphed using the TI-92.

Missing TI-92 screen

Notice that this data seems to vary more-or-less periodically. Roughly, what does the period appear to be? Would you expect this kind of data to exhibit very precise periodic behavior? Why? or Why not?


Copyright c 1995 by Frank Wattenberg, Department of Mathematics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717